Along with the fact that we are neither
Buddhists, nor Adishankarists, nor biblicists, nor koranists,
nor Spinozists, and so on, we are no Socrato-Platonists. We are
just the brothers of people who were much more than animals that
used to make noises or counts
(Rev of Arès vii/10), and who used to seek the Path
to the Light.
As for us we met with the Light at Arès, but we
have to be aware that the brothers that have sought and
approached the Way, so that their thoughts and
written works may help us as penitents and harvesters
whenever we have to go our ways through the complicated dark
corridors of the world, which we have to change
(Rev of Arès 28/7).
We belong in a class of life linked to Life (Rev of Arès
24/3-5, 25/3, 38/5, xix/26), whether it is called God, or
Father, or Breath, or Allah, or Brama,
or Great Spirit, or Good, and so on, and we have a
guide: The Revelation of Arès, that does not start a
religion, or a policy, or a philosophy, but that drives us to
link up the lower dust to the absolute Higher Being, whose Children
we are (13/5). That ascent, which
still preys on the present, is an adventure attempted by many
people like Socrates and Plato, who are inseparable because the
former would be unknown, had the latter not made him known.
Socrates and Plato go with us in our spiritual adventure,
because twenty-four centuries ago they already thought over some
problems which we still have to solve. They are ageless,
because human beings are One, whether past, or
present, or prospective.
This is a somewhat long entry, because I have to define Socrates
and Plato's thought optimally, which is not that evident in this
age.
____________________________________
Socrates (on your left) and Plato (on your
right) used to preach a world where power could be just right
management, a world with no crown or honors, no lies, no
flatterers or flattered men, a world connected to the Higher
Being, from whom we are descended, a world close to that which we
hope we will re-create. The time and the human community, in which
Socrates and Plato lived, were intellectually, metaphysically,
literarily rich, so much so that it is very difficult
to cut off the two thinkers from the spiritual luxuriance of
their time. I have chosen a way of presenting the respective
thoughts or the only thought (which of them? nobody knows) of
Socrates and Plato among a lot of possible ways. In the following
text there are a few repetitions for the purpose of helping
readers in words that have different meanings nowadays.
Metaphysics, which is perception of the deepest causes of
the Universe, and which is foreseen by few spiritual intelligences
(Rev of Arès 32/5), has never had any weight in the
thoughts of the mighty on Earth. This is the problem amidst other
problems, which was already studied by Socrates and Plato in
Greece for centuries before now, a hundred years afer Buddha's
days in India, a thousand years after Zoroaster's time (Sarsushtratam
Rev of Arès xviii/3) in Persia.
Socrates did not leave anything behind, but Plato, who had ben a
disciple of Socrates, left a big written work in the form of
dialogues in which he used to feature Socrates. Plato sees the
sensible world as one contingent upon "essenses" or "ideas", two
words which have got other meanings today, but which he considers
as the only intelligible forms, the patterns only discernible and
easy to observe on Earth. At the top of those "essences" the
"idea" of good is displayed, which oversteps them in
dignity and power: God.
The Platonic written works have a form of dialogue to show how
primordial the exchange between human beings is, so as to go
beyond personal opinions and reach the univeral. The thought rises
above opinion (doxa). But dialogues themselves are just a formal
aspect of dialectics, of which Socrates and Plato is the
inventors.
The first stage of rational knowledge looks as if it were
mathematical, but Plato actually wants to transcend the
mathematical truth. Plato considers the sensible world as one of
appareance in regards of "ideas" themselves, which are objects of
pure thought, intelligible models of all of the things that our
senses do not perceive, but that are much realer and truer than
concrete objects. So he cannot stand the "idea" of bed if it is
not the ideal bed, the real one, that is devised by thought, the
type or paradigm of which wooden beds, iron beds or plain pallets
on the floor are nothing but imitations. In sum, that which Plato
calls "idea" or "essence" (words with similar meanings) is
anything or anybody whenever anything or anybody is imagined in
his mind — Hence, for example, well-known Platonic love; hence our
only possible way of conceiving God, as well.
It is dialectic (concertation) as a well-controlled systematic
itinerary, that from concept to concept and from suggestion to
suggestion makes it possible to reach those ideal "essences" as
well as "good", that is the ultimate goal of rational procedure.
Plato sees "good" as the Divine, which he does not consider as God
the way in which religions think of him, because Plato only counts
the Divine as a principle supreme, superior to life and "essence",
and which is a little more dignified and powerful than them. In
Plato's language "good" is an "idea" which is the cause of all
that is right and "fine"; the "idea" of "good" can be communicated
to anything knowable. The itinerary towards "essences" can only be
understood through the dialectic of "love", notably in "The
Banquet".
What is "love" in Plato's eyes? It is a gap, or a shortage, or
poorness, which shows us how incomplete or hollow we are, it
is a momentum we gather to reach what does not belong in us, a
longing for "beauty" itself. Thanks to "love" we can gain ground
until we get the beauty of the "soul", even though we start from
sensitive bodily beauties, and we incidentally can too get good
social behavior. In the end, a philosopher can reach the ultimate
step and get the very "idea" of the "fine" (or "beautiful") in its
purity and self-sufficiency. It is difficult to say what Plato
means by the "idea" of the "fine" (or "beautiful"). This "idea" is
a unit by itself, it defies corruption, it is distinguished by
absolute purity and transcendency with respect to sensitivity and
other "fatal balderdash". "Beauty" is ultimate disembodiment,
radiance and glory of all that transcends the empirical and the
prectical.
Herein, let us face it, we feel more or less clouded, but aren't
we so whenever we think of Life, or God? We have to
thank Plato for the path, even if is is dark, towards concepts
which had gone barely visible to sinners. The dialectic
of "ideas" dialectic and the theory of "love" lead us to think of
the Platonic idealism (in the strong sense of idealism) as a
doctrine which attributes life per se and independence of mind to
"ideas" or "essences". But we wonder why Plato ventures to make a
theory of "essences".
Maieutics and recollection (or memory) are two main elements which
vindicate the doctrine. Maïeutics is the art of making people's
minds give birth, the art once practiced by Socrates to make his
contact persons discover themselves and become aware of their
inner wealth. This in the "The Menon" is how an ignorant little
slave finds out the right way to make a double square out of
another particular square, because he remembers a calculation
formerly known and practiced. This is the doctrine of recollection
or reminiscence. We deep down hold "ideas" which are just distant
memories. To learn is to recollect the truth once noticed intime
past. The philosophical practice is intended to master and manage
that hidden secret content, which is the fruit of a very distant
contemplation. We call it atavism nowadays.
Plato saws sophists, so-called masters in rhetoric and eloquence,
as liars and dream makers. As a matter of fact, sophists (the
world is still filled with these characters) had eroded the belief
in the absolute, that might have enabled ethics to develop.
Sophists used to say, "Truth is nothing but subjectivity." Their
relativistic doctrine led people to mistakes. Plato's ethics as
truth basics led people to constructive realities, instead. After
the philosopher had gazed at the "ideas", he can go back down into
the "cave" and he now is in a position to develop good ethics and
politics. Through the well-known allegory of the cave Plato
depicts the human condition: Human beings are like prisonniers
chained whith their backs turned on the daylight, who take the
shadows projected onto the wall in front of them for reality. A
prisoner once unchained and led ouside the cave symbolizes the
philosopher that has direct access to "essences". With that in
mind, virtue refers to involvement in "essences" or "ideas" and
real knowledge, a science of good and evil inseparable from
dialectic.
Plato as well as the Hellenic thinking regard virtue and ethics as
elements of knowledge. No one is nasty on purpose. To be brave is
to be aware of whatever is frightening and to face it. To be fair
is to be aware of the harmony of inner force. Real justice has to
represent a just knowledge, therefore. The reasoning part (mind)
in a just "soul" has awareness, is in command, and it overcomes
desire, which is wild and thoughtless (concupiscence) and anger,
which very seldom happens to be the ally of reason. There is no
justice in the city, if the rulers do not change into
philosophers, or if philosophers are not the rulers.
This is the philosophy that has made an impact on the Western
thinking both in analyzing love and desire and in analyzing
speculative plannings. Plato, who died twenty-three centuries ago,
drew paths which have continuously mesmerized civilisation and
culture. He leads us from opinion (lower knowledge, hazy capture
of things that stream out between nothingness and the absolute) to
science (rational knowledge which enables people to come close to
the truth). Our thoughts are still harvesting on the fields that
Socrates and Plato plowed a long time ago.
By saying,"Plato made up philosophy," François Châtelet cannot
stop us from considering Socrates and Plato as partners. Both of
them are not the earliest Greeks who liked common sense better
than myths and the miraculous to understand the world well. There
had been Parmenides, Heraclitus and others, but Socrates and Plato
separates reason from religion, reality from dreaming, so they
represent a fascinating stage on the long way towards metaphysical
honesty, that we Arès Pilgrims are very keen on. Socrates and
Plato make the straightforwardness of the plausible possible, just
as Buddha had made and just as Jesus of Nazareth, Adi Shankara,
Spinoza or The Revelation of Arès fallen down from
Heaven are to make. Nondualism is obvious: Be one within you
(Rev of Arès xxiv/1). We are atoms of unique Life
(24/3-5). Socrates and Plato see plausibility triumphing
and they come close to the notion of Good. But they are
not listened to, because they are not acceptable to religion,
politics, in brief then to all rulers whatever.
Athenian Socrates (469-399) is as rustic as a stonecutter or a
midwife; he does not write anything. Do Plato's dialogues report
on Socrates' thought exactly? Nobody knows, but this is
unimportant. Undoubtedly they compliment each other. As we
most of the time have an erroneous concept of the True,
we need much humbleness to acknowledge our defaults, but both of
them have the humbleness needed really.
The proceedings taken against Socrates by the Athenian Democracy
is the furore that changes Pluto's destiny. As Sorates is
convinced that the soul is part of universal Intelligence,
which is Divine, his incredible serenity in the face of death
shows that he believes in immortality. He drinks the hemlock.
Platon says : "The fairest and wisest of all men has been
murdered!"
The human being locked up in the dark ever since his or her
childhood finds it painful and long to be released. When he or she
is gotten out of the cave — see the parable of the cave in "The
Republic" mentioned above — he or she cannot meet with beauty and
the truth before having been re-educated for a long time. He or
she does not want to return to the cave. He or she might be at
risk there. This is what is penitence that breathes love
into us Arès Pilgrims. Plato writes other fables: Atlantis, and so
on, so that some have considered him as the creator of historical
novels. Actually, Plato uses all the figures that may help
understand whatever reason and language cannot explain.
Freud has his patients speak, in order to help them through a
liberating experience, but it is Plato that introduces the ability
to do so twenty-three centuries earlier, because he is aware that
anybody that speaks and agrees to be objected casts aside the
commonness of feelings, passional dramas, fear od death, the
weight of unbridled traditions and illusory pleasures. François
Chatelet, an expert on Plato, summurizes Plato's forecast by
writing, "There is a possibility, one of pacifying globality, that
skims over all opinions. A universal discourse beyond the control
of oneself revealed by dialectic. Even when men are stupid,
deceitful or untruthful, they keep on liking and willing the truth
clumsily. That willingness to get the truth finds expression in
great demands for non-contradiction. Man worships his own
certainty and consistency. The entry point to set the world in
motion is contradiction."
Some people asked Plato why he wrote overlong passages and
digressions. He repliedt : "Don't be amazed at whatever is
overlong and goes around in circles. One has to circle around
anything great, indeed, because anything great may be subjected to
sliding" (The Republic).
Justice is the ultimate goal, anyway.
|